Gravity, Gravitational Strain & Geo-Magneto-Electric Correlates of Anomalous Air Gas Surge Events
A theoretical framework, designed to extend Michael Faraday’s vision of an empirical approach to identify & investigate correlated gravitational and electromagnetic fields
Earth Tides
"Earth tides are deformations of the solid Earth produced by the gravitational attractions of the Sun and Moon, attractions which are periodic because of the Earth’s rotation in the solar and lunar gravity fields. The lunar solar attractions also produce elastic deformations in the solid Earth, thereby changing the shape of the Earth and distorting the direction of the vertical. The periodic tidal attractions are added vectorially to the very much larger secular accelerations produced by the Earth’s mass attraction and rotation. The total gravity vector undergoes periodic variations in both magnitude and direction. The variations in the gravity vector produce dynamic ocean tides, which are manifestations of the ocean continually adapting its sea surface in a direction perpendicular to the instantaneous vertical. Earth deformations can be measured, but they are affected by displacements which the measuring instruments encounter over tidal cycles. Gravity measurements are affected not only by the lunar-solar attraction, but, because of the resultant earth deformation, they are also affected by a change in the Earth’s radius. From known tidal equations tidally generated variations in gravity can be computed for given times and positions." (Klingelé, 2020, personal communication)
Figure 1.
Gravitational Acceleration: Rotational Speed of Planet Earth
Changes in local rotational speed result from changes in the shape of planet Earth due to Earth Tides. Depending on the position of Sun & Moon relative to the Earth, Earth Tides cause depression and upheaval of local terrain (~5.5” – 11”) and result in an everchanging distance from the earth’s center of rotation (rotational axis). (See Figure 1.) As a consequence, one’s location-specific rotational speed [i.e., local gravitational acceleration (g)] increases and decreases depending upon (1) where one is located on the planet as well as (2) the positions of Sun and Moon. This change in gravitational acceleration (g) is dependent upon one’s distance from the rotational axis of Earth. The farther one is from the Earth’s rotational axis, the faster one’s speed. The closer one is to the rotational axis, the slower one’s speed. As can be seen in Figure 1, the positions of Sun & Moon contribute to increases and decreases of g in an ever-changing manner. As seen in Figure 2, times of rising and setting of Sun and Moon are associated with maximum acceleration increases associated with subcomponents of g, g SUN and g MOON. Zero on graph represents the Gravitational Constant (G). Variations in acceleration above and below G are measured in microgals. A gal (named for Galileo Galilei) is defined as 1 centimeter per second per second (1 cm/s 2 ). A microgal (μGal) is one millionth of a gal.
Figure 2.
Methods
An Observational Approach*
Passive monitoring of anions and cations as well as three-vector magneto-resistive magnetometer recording was conducted for the months of August 2020 and October 2022. Sampling occurred twice per second for 24 hours, resulting in 172,800 samples/ data stream/day. Six data streams (anions, cations, magnetic vectors X’-axis, Y’-axis, Z’-axis and F’-Composite) were collected for each day in the month of August 2020. In addition, the rhythmic oscillations of Earth Tides [i.e., gravitational acceleration (g) associated with the gravitational pull of the Sun (gSUN) & Moon (gMOON)] were calculated at rate of 1 sample/minute for a total of 1440 samples per 24-hours.
*All data, data analyses, hypotheses & conclusions stated herein are considered preliminary. Data is available for peer-review inspection. Exploratory data was collected in Topeka, KS during August 2020. Exploratory and hypothesis testing data were collected in Topeka, KS during October 2022.
Equipment
Air Ion Counter -AIC 2:
The air ion monitoring units use a Gerdian condenser with electrometer (low input current & low input offset voltage) and a bias voltage supply. A fan pulls air across the condenser to form a minute current in the pico-ampere (pA) range.
Three-Vector Magnetometer - MR3:
The three-vector magnetometer is equipped with 3 magnetoresistive sensors arranged with orthogonal positioning (within 1 degree of arc) to allow monitoring of 3 distinct vector fields (X’, Y’, Z’). Each sensor measures a signal proportional to magnetic flux density cosine x of the angle between flux density direction and the X, Y, Z sensor direction. Scaling accuracy of measured fields are +/- 0.5 % of X, Y, Z reading.
Earth Tides (E-Tide) Calculations:
Earth Tides were calculated using the E-Tide program provided by Dr. E. Klingelé of UTH Switzerland. This program uses latitude and longitude for a specific location to calculate gravitational acceleration (g) in relation to the gravitational constant (G) of the location of interest. Gravitational acceleration calculations are reported in micro-gal format. A gal is a measure of acceleration defined as 1 centimeter/sec2 . A micro-gal is one millionth of a gal.
Objectives
A) Passive recording methods used to investigate the hypothesized interrelationship of the following 3 factors:
i) Geomagnetic Field Data:
1) X’-Axis
2) Y’-Axis
3) Z’-Axis
4) F’ Composite
ii) Polarized Air Gases
1) Cations - Positively charged air gas ions
2) Anions - Negatively charged air gas ions
iii) Gravitational Field Change Indicators
1) Earth Tides
a) Gravitational acceleration (g)
b) Sun’s contribution to g (gSUN)
c) Moon’s contribution to g (gMOON)
2) Sunrise & Sunset (+/- 60 minutes)
3) Moonrise & Moonset (+/- 60 minutes)
4) Moon’s Meridian Crossing
5) Gravitational Strain (g-strain+ & g-strain*)
6) Zero Crossing (when g crosses G)
B) Evaluate for presence of within-factor correlations (ions), two-factor correlations (gravity & ions, gravity & magnetics, magnetics & ions) as well as three-factor correlations (gravity, electricity & geomagnetics).
C) Utilize analysis techniques (visual, descriptive & statistical) to assess for any indication of correlated gravitatonal and electromagnetic fields.
Gravitational Acceleration, Geomagnetics & Polarized Air Gases
Figure 3.
Gravitational Acceleration & Geomagnetics
Geomagnetic data added to Figure 2. Please notice magnetic field disruption within minutes of sunset.
Figure 4.
Gravitational Acceleration, Geomagnetics & Polarized Air Gases
Two-factor correlations are visible at time of Moon set and Sun rise. Polarized air gas densities shift trajectory shortly after gravitational field changes.
Figure 5.
Gravitational Acceleration, Geomagnetics & Polarized Air Gases
Expanded vertical axis for anions and cations reveals preliminary evidence of correlated geomagnetic and electric fields at 9 feet above earth surface. Gravitational strain (purple) is proposed to quantify the strain placed on the geologic & geomagnetic substrate due to elastic deformations caused by Earth Tides.
Preliminary Evidence
Figure 6.
Preliminary Evidence of Correlated Gravitational and Magneto-Electric Phenomena
Within minutes of sunset, a magnetic field disruption and polarized air gas discontinuities occur simultaneously.
Figure 7.
Gravity, Geomagnetics, Polarized Air Gases & Gravitational Strain
Gravitational strain (purple) is proposed to quantify the strain placed on the geologic & geomagnetic substrate due to elastic deformations caused by Earth Tides.
The Conceptual Foundation
Figure 8.
Gravitational Acceleration & Gravitational Strain: The Conceptual Foundation
Changes in gravitational acceleration (g) result from elastic deformations of the geologic (i.e., lithospheric) substrate underlying a specific location of interest. The resulting upheaval and depression of local terrain leads to an increase or decrease in g relative to the gravitational constant (G) (zero on Figure 8 below). This structural movement (~5.5 - 11inches) places strain on the underlying geologic and geomagnetic substrate. It is suspected that the resultant gravitational strain (g-strain) impacts geomagnetic behavior. A demonstration of concept experiment is detailed in Poster 3.
Figure 9.
Gravitational Acceleration, Gravitational Strain & Geomagnetic Field
Geomagnetic field added to display above. The question arises: Is it possible that the stair step increase in magnetic field strength shortly after sunrise is causally related to the increased strain associated with g-strain? Please see g-strain example in Figure 7.
Waterfalls
Waterfalls are an abundant source of negative ions. First recognized by von Philipp Lenard in 1892, numerous research efforts have confirmed and clarified the altered electrical environment surronding waterfalls. Laakso, et al (2007) investigated ion density on a bridge near a waterfall and compared that to a reference point about 100 meters away from the bridge. They found that negative ion density was 100 times higher on the bridge compared to the reference point. Kolarz, et al ( 2012) measured negative and positive ion densities at two large waterfalls in Austria, the Krimmi waterfall and the Gartl waterfall. They found high negative ion density gradients in the vicinity of these waterfalls. Positive ion density gradients were much reduced in comparison and characterized as “only moderate.”
A longstanding limitation in the development of a comprehensive theoretical framework for science has been the scarcity of data to fully explicate the hypothesized interrelationship of gravity, electricity and magnetics. Michael Faraday focused his research efforts on the discovery of evidence of the interaction of these forces. He said,
“In searching for some principle on which an experimental inquiry… could be founded, it seemed that if such a relation existed, there must be something in gravity which would correspond to the dual or antithetical nature of the forms of force in electricity and magnetism… Such results, if possible, could only be exceedingly small; but if possible, i.e. if true, no terms could exaggerate the value of the relationship they would establish.”
Faraday, and later Albert Einstein, devoted extensive time & energy in pursuit of experimental evidence and theoretical models to explain the interrelatedness of these forces. Despite determined efforts they both failed to produce a viable solution to integrate gravity and electromagnetism and develop empirical support for their unified field theory. As a next step in the development of an experimental inquiry into the unification of gravity and electromagnetics, an observational approach has been developed.
Michael Faraday:
A Pioneer in Experimental Physics
Referenced Materials
Laakso, L., et al, (2007) Waterfalls as source of small charged aerosol particles. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 7, pp. 2271-2275. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2271-2007
Kolarz, P., et al, (2012) Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 12, pp. 3687-3697. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3687-2012
Faraday M. Experimental researches in electricity. Vol. 3: Twenty-Fourth Series (2703). 1850. London: Bernard Quaritch; 1855.